Facts about Abortion Essay -- essays research papers

GCSE English non fiction writing. Choose either a topic or a person as the soil for your writing. If a topic, research all aspects of the issue and then write about it in your own words. Include your own views, with reasons. If a person, give reasons for your choice and formulate why you think he or she is important. Minimum of 600 words. My project is about Abortion I have chosen to do it about abortion because I think it is a very serious topic and it is a subject that I feel very strongly about. There are a mountain of arguments for and against abortion. In this project I will write about the basic facts and what women/girls should do if they are ever in that sort of situation. Abortion is a flip over end of a gestation period, so that it does not result in the birth of a child. An abortion is when a pregnancy is ended before a baby is capable of surviving on its own outside the mothers body. An abortion can either happen naturally i.e a abortion or it can be induced, done d eliberately. An induced abortion is only legal if it is carried out within the law and in the circumstances which the law permits. You should neer attempt to induce an abortion yourself as this could cause you serious injury.In England, Wales and Scotland abortion is legal under 24 weeks of pregnancy if two doctors agree that it is majorly demand for one of the following reasons If having the baby would harm the mothers mental or physical health more than having an abortion. This has to involve the mother explaining how she feels about the pregnancy to a doctor. If having the baby will harm the mental or physical health of the children she already has.If it is necessary to save the womens life or hold on serious harm to her. I... ...they cannot be treated properly, there is only one way to help them get through it which is by counselling but galore(postnominal) women find it very difficult and it takes them 10 years, maybe just to get back to their normal lifestyle and routines . Conclusion By researching on abortion I have realised that abortion does have negative and positive things about it. Abortion does solve many problems but it can also create large problems. Some people do not accept it and find it unacceptable as it is virtually killing an innocent human being, however it has helped many women and untried adults in continuing their lives in a peaceful manor and it has also saved many children from being unwanted and being brought up with the proper sexual love and affection they need. In conclusion I think that abortion is neither right nor wrong, it depends on the situation it is involved in.

Friedrich Engels Life and Beliefs :: biography Economics Society History Essays

Friedrich Engels Life and BeliefsRevolutionaries are not necessarily born tho are made. Friedrich Engels is an excellent example of this because his history and family life does not reflect his career path. Unlike Marx, he was born of a well-to-do authoritarian framework manufacturer on November 28, 1820 in Barmen, Germany. By the age of fifteen his parents were very concerned with his behavior. In a letter written by his puzzle he was said to have had a lack of character and other unpleasant qualities. Friedrich was receiving substandard grades, and he was disobedient despite the strict discipline at home. His father saw promise in him despite his disobedience, but was continuously troubled by his sons actions. These acts can be seen as a reduce of his future rebellion toward society. ii Friedrich Engels biographical information is important to know because it gives the reader and understanding of what shaped Engels views in the Communist Manifesto.The Prussian Province in wh ich Engels was increase was the most industrialized place in Germany at the time. This gave Engels the ability to see the growing aspect of capitalism in society. He soon noticed the counterpoint between the labor and management. Even in his early years he showed concern for social injustices.iii Everyday when he went to school, he passed factories where workers breathed in much smoke and out more dust than oxygen, where children were imprisoned from the age of six, to be victims of capitalist exploitation. iv He saw the poor work from dawn until night and the homeless who slept in stables or on dung heaps. He watched as society escaped reality by slipping into a solid ground of drunkenness each evening. He noticed the fierce competition among the industries creating an even more demanding atmosphere that showed no improvement in the current situation. His keen observations flock him to take action, especially since he was the son of a factory owner.vHe worked as a bu siness apprentice during the day hours, and in 1842 he in conclusion traveled to England to learn commerce and management. In his spare time he visited the workers quarters in Manchester where he saw the same exploitation of the working physical body as he did back in Germany. Grief stricken families lived in filth and poverty because of the controlling bourgeoisie. These experiences continued to play a large division in shaping his political views.

Essay --

When one looks at their life, at any stage in which they live, it is pivotal to see clearly how they are finding meaning, purpose and direction within their daily ratiocinations. As Ive learned to value the role of federation and covenant relationships in my life, it has been a challenge to continually commit myself to overcoming my flesh and correctly align myself with Gods intentions for my life. As part of this transformative process in centering my worldview on Christs love, Ive concluded that all of lifes ultimate questions are found to have been correctly answered in the Bible repeatedly in Scripture, and specifically in one verse, I have found that it sources everything in life to the glory of God. Romans 1136 centers our economic aid on Christ, from whom we derive all answers to origins, meaning, morality, destiny and identity for our lives For from him and through him and to him are all things. To him be glory forever. Amen. (ESV). Not only does the most credible conc ur ever written support this thesis, but in Making Sense of your World, it is strongly communicated that God alone is the ultimate reality and everything else is derived from him (Phillips, Brown, Stonestreet, 2008, p. 44).Every living dick on this earth exists becuase of Gods will. Regardless if an individual refuses to accept the truth that our entire world was created by a creator or not, it is obviously proven that all creatures on this earth have a beautiful design that did not originate from ourselves. We exist because of Gods free decision to create as it is argued by Phillips et al. (2008), and furthermore is reiterated that my existence is not by chance, but the result of a purposeful choice. In response to this proven fact, as po... ... inner being, so that Christ may dwell in your hearts through faiththat you, being rooted and grounded in love, may have specialisation to comprehend with all the saints what is the breadth and length and height and depth, and to know the love of Christ that surpasses knowledge, that you may be filled with all the fullness of God. Now to him who is able to do far more abundantly than all that we ask or think, according to the power at work within us, to him be glory in the church and in Christ Jesus throughout all generations, forever and ever. Amen. ReferencesW. Gary Phillips, William E. Brown, John Stonestreet. (2008). Making Sense of Your World A Biblical Worldview, 2nd ed. Salem, WI Sheffield issue Company.ESV Text Edition 2011. The Holy Bible, English Standard Version (ESV). Wheaton, IL Crossway, a publishing ministry of Good News Publishers.

Essay --

1. What is meant by the term drug malignment Drug abuse is the use of a habit forming drug that posterior lead to addiction and dependence this can also cause serious medical issues such as damage to the kidneys or liver. This can also cause mental harm such as hallucination or memory loss. The ultimate damage it can cause is death.2. Other than drug users themselves, who are the victims of drug abuse in our society Everyone in the family of a drug abuser is a victim, children are the biggest victims, and harmonise to a article in the Journal of American Medical Association that woman who are pregnant and use opioids has increase five measure and that these newborns are experiencing neonatal abstinence syndrome which has tripled from 2000 to 2009 They estimate that in 2009 there was approximately one infant born per hour in the U.S. with signs of drug withdrawal. (The innocent victims)3. magnetic dip the ways that cocaine in addicted pregnant mothers affects their unborn Coca ine use during pregnancy rises the risk of stroke and heart damage during development and increased risk of brain d...

An Indian Democracy Essay -- Essays Papers

An Indian republicDonald Grinde is the author of The Iroquois and the Founding of the American Nation, one of the earliest books to argue for an Indian influence on the arrangement of the American democracy. Since Grindes publication and Bruce Johansens a year later, there has been a great deal of debate over this issue. Many of the most outstanding opponents of the influence thesis have failed to distinguish between the arguments of more extreme authors, such(prenominal) as Gregory Schaaf, who claim that the Iroquois Gayanashagowa was copied by the U.S. Constitution, and those with a more moderate stance, desire Johansen and Grinde, who simply point to a clear influence (Johansen, 1998). This paper intends to argue along the lines of these latter authors. Our founding fathers did not copy the Gayanashagowa or Great lawfulness of Peace, but our Constitution was written with reflection upon the Iroquoian government with the goal of synthesizing this model into a form that coul d satisfy the needs of the American people. Given the evidence presented by Grinde and Johansen, it is clear that Native Americans influenced early U. S. political mindsif not directly, then at least indirectly.Elisabeth Tooker is one of the strongest opponents of the claim that there was a native influence on the U. S. democracy. She addressed Schaafs extreme claim that the U.S. had copied the Gayanashagowa, which is clearly not the case. Tooker sites differences between the Constitution and the Great Law of Peace such as majority come up rather than unanimous consensus. This line of argument works well to refute Schaaf, whos evidence is based almost entirely on his analysis of such parallels (Johansen, 1998) Tookers overall argument, though, is not effective ... ...en Founders . Ipswich, Massachusetts Gambit Incorporated Publishers.Johansen, Bruce E (1996). Native American Political Systems and the Evolution of Democracy an Annotated Bibliography. Westport, Connecticut G reenwood Press.Johansen, Bruce E. (1998). Debating Democracy Native American Legacy of Freedom. Santa Fe, NM Clear Light Publishers.Locke, John (1980). Second Treatise of Government. Indiana Hackett Publishing Company.Moquin, Wayne, ed. (1973). Great Documents in American Indian History. radical York Praeger,. OBrien, Sharon (1989). American Indian Tribal Governments. Norman University of Oklahoma Press.Parker, Arthur C. (1968). The Constitution of the Five Nations. Syracuse Syracuse University Press.Rousseau, Jean-Jacques (1968). The Social Contract. Trans. Maurice Cranston.Harmondsworth, England Penguin Books.

An Indian Democracy Essay -- Essays Papers

An Indian DemocracyDonald Grinde is the author of The Iroquois and the Founding of the American Nation, one of the earliest books to argue for an Indian beguile on the formation of the American democracy. Since Grindes publication and Bruce Johansens a year later, there has been a great deal of debate over this issue. Many of the most prominent opponents of the influence thesis have failed to distinguish between the arguments of more extreme authors, such as Gregory Schaaf, who claim that the Iroquois Gayanashagowa was copied by the U.S. Constitution, and those with a more moderate stance, like Johansen and Grinde, who patently point to a piddle influence (Johansen, 1998). This paper intends to argue along the lines of these latter authors. Our founding fathers did not copy the Gayanashagowa or Great Law of Peace, unless our Constitution was written with reflection upon the Iroquoian government with the goal of synthesizing this model into a form that could satisfy the needs o f the American people. Given the evidence presented by Grinde and Johansen, it is clear that essential Americans influenced early U. S. political mindsif not directly, then at least indirectly.Elisabeth Tooker is one of the strongest opponents of the claim that there was a native influence on the U. S. democracy. She communicate Schaafs extreme claim that the U.S. had copied the Gayanashagowa, which is clearly not the case. Tooker sites differences between the Constitution and the Great Law of Peace such as majority rule sooner than unanimous consensus. This line of argument works well to refute Schaaf, whos evidence is based almost entirely on his analysis of such parallels (Johansen, 1998) Tookers overall argument, though, is not effective ... ...en Founders . Ipswich, Massachusetts Gambit Incorporated Publishers.Johansen, Bruce E (1996). Native American Political Systems and the Evolution of Democracy an Annotated Bibliography. Westport, Connecticut Greenwood Press.Joh ansen, Bruce E. (1998). Debating Democracy Native American Legacy of Freedom. Santa Fe, NM Clear Light Publishers.Locke, John (1980). Second Treatise of Government. Indiana Hackett Publishing Company.Moquin, Wayne, ed. (1973). Great Documents in American Indian History. New York Praeger,. OBrien, Sharon (1989). American Indian Tribal Governments. Norman University of Oklahoma Press.Parker, Arthur C. (1968). The Constitution of the Five Nations. Syracuse Syracuse University Press.Rousseau, Jean-Jacques (1968). The Social Contract. Trans. Maurice Cranston.Harmondsworth, England Penguin Books.

Introduction to Philosophy Essay

1. What are the main branches of school of thought? Do philosophers have the same answers to the same philosophical questions? wherefore? philosophical system is a way of thinking ab pop out the big questions in life, from the existence of men to its morality. It is an activity which sharpens our reason. The word was coined by Greeks , nub the love of sapience. Philosophy can be divided into six big issues it is interested with. * First, the question about the nature of the world and the existence of Men which is under the study of Metaphysics or also called Ontology.From the word meta which means beyond and physics which means physical it deals about beyond physical world- the spiritual. It also attempt to answer the last-ditch reality of life, our reason of very existence, Who and what God is and, how everything relates to it. * Second, what are the right ways to think and build arguments which is under the field of Logic. It tries to distinguish the valid reasons from the fal lacies. It also examines the contrary general forms that argument may take. It is primarily studied in the disciplines of ism, mathematics, se gentlemans gentlemantics, and science.* Third, How do we know and how do we think we know which is under the area of Epistemology. From the Greek course episteme which means knowledge and logia which means study, it basically deals on how do we acquire knowledge and what is the basis for true knowledge. * Fourth, Ethics which generally centers on the morality of our actions. It differentiates untimely from right and studies characters actions based in his intentions. This field of Philosophy is vital and applied to new(prenominal) disciplines much(prenominal) as business, medicine, science, robotics, and education.* Fifth, Issues about laws, liberty, rights, property and , government activity fall under the Political Philosophy. It is also one of the sub-fields of Political Science. Its purpose is to lay bare the fundamental problems a nd concepts which frames the study of Politics. It also studies the large(p) thinkers of the past which shapes governing such as Socrates, Plato, Adam Smith and Hobbes. * Lastly, Aesthetics which deals on what is beautiful. Mainly it tries to answer questions which deals in art- music, painting, poetry, and such.It attempts to distinguish what is beautiful, what has taste, and what has artistic value. Philosophy can also be subdivided into three specific categories which are, Philosophy of Mind, Philosophy of Language, and Philosophy of Science. These are branches which deal to questions their respective field of subject matters such as what exactly is a caput? how does language work? and Does science has responsibility to humanity? An Educator can ask a question to his students and would receive different responses . We can even contain complex answers to a simple question.It is because sight view things in different perspectives, have different degree of intelligence, exposed to different environment, influenced by different people and ideas, and have personal insights and experiences which differ from one person to another. People thoughts varies and no idea can be of an exact match of another. In my opinion, Humans pass are like his fingerprint, We all have our fingerprints but its design- the curves and lines is unique in each individual. There might be similarities in ideas between individuals but in some point they contradict.For example, the ii famous philosophers, John Locke and Thomas Hobbes both support the Social Contract Theory in which men enter a mutual agreement to surrender some of their liberty to authority in return of protection, both also, believe that men can exist without government and converse of its dangers in this kind of state-State of Nature. For Hobbes, the entire time that man is in a state of nature, he is in a state of war. He states that if any two men cannot enjoy the same thing, they become enemies and in the way to their end. endeavor to destroy or subdue one another (Wootton, 158).Locke too points out risks, saying that without the law of nature everyone may execute decisions, leading to a state of war (Wootton, 290). However, despite of the similarities, Locke believes that people enter to social contract to judge peace and avoid the fear of death and living in State of Nature is brutish and chaotic while Hobbes believes that State of Nature is important and do exist in some ways such as among governments and leaders. Lockes view on State of Nature is pessimistic in contrast to Hobbes which he thinks has some potential benefits. Philosophers do not have the same answer to a certain question.Each philosopher present different examples and take different underpin on a certain idea. 2. Why has philosophy lost importance in the priorities of contemporary man? Philosophy had the paramount role during the ancient education. It created great and wise thinkers such as Socrates, Plato, and, Seneca and influenced bright minds such as Descartes, Adam Smith, and Karl Marx. Although the subject Philosophy is only introduce in higher level of studies in modern years, it diffuses its idea and macrocosm applied to core subjects such as mathematics, science, and language. Philosophy is still vital in see to iting until today.The decreasing value instaln up in philosophy arises in the way modern man receive and gather information. Core subjects like Science should teach us to Inquire, to Analyze, to Think, and to Search- which are roles of philosophy but, Educators and with the convenience at reach, Students are being spoon-fed with facts from books and other resource materials instead of encouraging them to explore. They are bound with rules and regulations without giving them a chance to ask why they should follow orders. Students fail to analyze things because most Educators present facts and inculcate it to them through rote memorization instead of validating it.Learners learn facts but never learn to reason. They become man of knowledge but never become man of substance. The decreasing importance of philosophy in modern days is ascribed partly, to us Educators for weakness to emphasize and apply its essence to the students. We teach the students to be dependent on the facts provided in books and internet, for we believe that it offers a vast amount of information forgetting that ones mind can offer limitless insights on a certain topic. 3. Why should philosophy be restored to its former prominence in the priorities of contemporary man?Philosophy is vital in mans learning and improvement. Giving answers to mans most perplexed questions or even to the simplest question that retire us gives us sense of satisfaction and purpose in life. In modern times, Philosophy is essential in choosing decisions that has impact on our future such as career path, religion, core beliefs, and even to work or business. Philosophy should never be undermine and be restricted to as a undefiled subject. It is a way of thinking and essential in making a wise decision hence, should be integrated in daily living. 4. How does western philosophy differ from the eastern?In General, Western Philosophy promotes individualism and more interested in finding and validating the truth while Eastern Philosophy is more interested in finding the balance within ones self in order to live in harmony with others and frankincense promoting collectivism. Also, East philosophy which emerged in China is spiritual in nature as opposed to West which starts from Greece is graphicistic and subject to research. Individualism of the West gives meaning to the worth a person as an individual. It gives stress on liberty and self-reliance. Man is directly a natural being.As a natural being and as a living natural being he is on the one hand endowed with natural powers, vital powers he is an active natural being. These forces exist in him as tendencies and abilities as instincts. On the other hand, as a natural, corporeal, sensuous objective being he is a suffering, conditioned and expressage creature, like animals and plants. A being which does not have its nature outside itself is not a natural being, and plays no part in the system of nature. A being which has no object outside itself is not an objective being. Marx, Critique of Hegels Philosophy in General (1844)Self-expression is individuality, and our individuality is our self, which ought to be our chief tie in Ernest Dimnet (1928) The Art of Thinking p. 250 If a man does not keep pace with his companions, perhaps it is because he hears a different drummer. Let him step to the music which he hears, however measured or far away. Henry David Thoreau, Walden Or, Life in the Woods (1854), chapter 18, p. 210. Collectivism of the East emphasizes the interdependence of individual among others. If I am base on balls with two other men, each of them provide serve as my teacher.I will pick out the good points of the one and imitate them, and the bad points of the other and correct them in myself. Without feelings of respect, what is there to distinguish men from beasts? Confucius A leader is best when people barely know he exists, when his work is done, his aim fulfilled, they will say we did it ourselves. Being deeply loved by someone gives you strength, while loving someone deeply gives you courage. Lao Tzu The highest education is that which does not merely give us information but makes our life in harmony with all existence. Rabindranath Tagore.

Continental/Fintelco Jv Case Analysis Essay

1. Is entry into the Argentine market a earnest st cropgic move for Continental? Entering Argentine market in 1993-1994 was a good st positiongic decision for Continental as one of the TOP5 harvest-feastion line TV companies in the US despite certain riskinesss for several reasons 1. Changes in the US restrictive environment created additional challenges for Continentals core business 1992 Cable Act limited the cable TV companies ability to raise cable kitchen stove whereas costs at market prices reached up to $2000/subscriber. This inevitably led to constrained profit margins 2. US market began saturating long-standing competition on the market coupled with exploitation demand and consumer selectivity has led to further squeezing margins and forced companies to confabulatek for diversification of revenue streams by entering non-traditional cable markets, capturing smaller niches, or expanding overseas. 3. Argentine cable TV marked lagged in behind US market by almost a deca de cable TV penetration barely reached 50%, subscription growth rates approached 60-70% in selected areas.Also, the market was only beginning to consolidate around 4 major players more than than 50% of the market was controlled by a thousand of smaller operators. Although Buenos Aires was relatively more mature market, other regions and provinces presented lucrative opportunities. Telephone, satellite, and other adjacent markets had untapped future opportunities. So far, emerging Argentine promised lots brighter prospects for cable TV companies than saturating US. 4. Argentine macroeconomic indicators exhibited positive dynamics despite graduate(prenominal) level of uncertainty indeed, after a decade of political turmoil and military rule Argentine was finally building a democratic civilian government.During four years preceding the acquisition, Carlos Menem and Domingo Cavallo launched effective economic and political reforms, including deregulating and privatization in TMT an d other major sectors. In particular, legislation became very favorable to foreign investors. However, Argentine was suffering from hyper lump and chronic recessions during the previous decade. Moreover, political risks were becoming more and more tangible as presidential elections of 1995 approached. As a result, the beta for Argentine was two times as high as that for the US. Is Fintelco an appropriate surmise partner?Fintelco possessed at least three characteristics of a good venture partnera. Knowledge of local market including cultural, political, and regulatory background as well as customer programming tastes. Basically, buying a successful incumbent is one of the best potential moves while entering terra incognita b. Fintelco had strong posture in various regions and owned licenses in MDDS and satellite, which created solid base for revenue streams diversification and future growth. c. Fintelco was still owned and managed by its founder, a prominent consequent entrepreneu r with diversified assets. Liberman had a very hands-on approach in business, and thus secured complete alignment of incentives between the centering and the owners.2. What are the major opportunities and risks you see in the venture? Success factors and opportunities (excluding market opportunities mentioned above) a. Personal and professional click between Samuel Liberman and Amos Hotsetter indicated good potential for constructive and conflict-free partnership. b. Similar growth strategies and vision both companies grew using clustering strategy and capturing operating efficiencies by consolidating subscribers geographically. c. Limited access to jacket crown markets in Argentine Continental had access to capital markets in the US which could significantly foster business development in a country with scarce financial resources.Risks&Concernsa. Active involvement of Fintelcos founder and owner in business operations has as well created certain problems. For instance, it result ed in a sort of nepotism many key positions were held by Libermans direct relatives. Thus, potential restructuring and changes in management would be complicated. Also, after an acquisition Liberman would suck 50% ownership, which could decrease his involvement in this particular business and also led to incentives misalignment. Indeed, he had diversified businesses and could have been looking for a cash-out. Libermans full involvement and commitment were crucial for joint venture success.b. Fragmented regional market in Argentine commanded inorganic expansion trajectory for Fintelco, which in turn required capital commitment from both parties. A ceiling should have been established to limit uncontrollable capital pump and its inefficient allocation. c. Exchange rate risks significant parcel of land of revenue stream born currency exchange risk (peso vs. USD) regardless of geographical and product diversification. These risks were absolutely external and thus could have been hard ly mitigated.3. One could cling to Fintelco in either of the following ways a. Peso cash flows discounted at peso rate and then assess converted at the spot rate b. $US flows discounted at $US rateWhich approach is more appropriate in this case?We analyzed assumptions required to adopt each of proposed approaches. Approach (b) $US cash flow discounted at $US rate assumes that (1) Peso/$US rate would remain constant despite stable despatchion of peso exchange rate till 1998, PPP implied exchange rate has a high range (0.999-1.436, 44%) and hence significant volatility. (2) $US discount rate reflects the risk of the project As revenues of Fintelco are denominated in pesos while a significant portion of its liabilities, including involvement expense and a portion of programming costs, would be denominated in $US, the project bears significant currency risk which is not reflected by US discount factor. Although the real currency of the industry in Argentina is in local currency Peso, we trust that finding a proper discount rate in Peso is quite tough and unreliable. Moreover discounting the Peso military rating with todays exchange may be a biased approach. Hence what we privilege s to convert the Peso cash flows to USD with the estimated USD/Peso rates for each period and then discount it with the US$ discount rate. 4. Is $80m for a 50% interest a fair value for Fintelco?Based on our valuation we believe that $80m for a 50% interest is a fair value for Fintelco. In our valuation we chose to be right with the assumptions as well as try to cover all possible risks and ran multiple iterations to obtain a good understanding of the value ranges. Our valuation is based on the following assumptions(1) WACC of 15.35% calculated used 9.01% as Rd (BB rating), D/V ratio of 14.44% (current Balance sheet), Re of 17.07% (Lessard model) and tax rate of 40% (Exhibit 1). Beta was estimated using comparable companies (Exhibit 2). We recognize that D/V ratio as well as Return on Equity is subject to our theory hence we assessed sensitivity of WACC to change in these assumptions. We estimated Re using 4 different models (Exhibit 3) and D/V at the level of comparable companies. WACC ranges between 10.77% and 17.19% (Exhibit 4). We believe that 15.35% is an adequate estimation of WACC reflecting both country and project risks.(2) Terminal growth of 4% based on our view of sustainability. We noticed that Fintelcos projections imply 7% revenue growth however we do not believe that such high level of growth is sustainable in the long run, hence we call forth more conservative estimation.(3) Conversion to $US based on parity-implied exchange rates for 10yrs. We believe that due to difference in US/Argentina inflation rates over the long horizon only PPP-implied exchange rate reflects true value of money at any given point in time. We used it to convert annual peso free cash flows at the respective rate (Exhibit 5) We calculated terminal value using 200 2 $US DCF value and Gordon Growth formula and arrived at Enterprise Value. We further subtracted net debt converted 1994 exchange rate to arrive to Equity Value in $US (Exhibit 6). We also calculated $US value based on spot rates (both official and PPP-implied) to assess sensitivity of the model (Exhibit 7) and concluded that our estimation is reasonably conservative and reflects countrys currency risk adequately.(4) 30% private penalty discount as Fintelco is a private company, we discount its value further for 30% to account for lack of liquidity. Exhibit 8 contains the summary of our valuation under different scenarios. We concluded that though there are scenarios under which value of 50% share of Fintelco is below $80m, probability of these scenarios occurring is fairly low. Our base case scenario uses Lessards model for Return on Equity calculations, PPP-implied 10 years forecasted exchange rate and 30% private penalty discount (result highlighted).5. In the course pack there is a reading (Estrada (2007)) about valuing offshore projects using techniques proposed by Lessard, Godfrey and Espinosa, Goldman Sachs and Salomon smith Barney. What assumptions underlie each approach? The reading Estrada 2007 describes four models for evaluating investment opportunities in developing markets. Each model estimates a required return on fair-mindedness by attempting to incorporate country and/or project-specific risk. Unlike the CAPM, none of these models has reached the level of standard-bearer in the finance community, and each rests on critical assumptions that must be considered before using them in a project assessmentThe Lessard Approach R = Rf + MRP*(p* c)* Assumes that the country beta is a good idea of country-specific risks (political, sovereign, and expropriation) * Assumes that the risk of a project is not related to the risk of the country (e.g., p for oil industry may be low, however should be high for a country which has a history of expropriation) * Assumes that investors do not value the effect of global diversification that the project would bring the company The Godfrey and Espinosa Approach R = (Rf + YSc) + MRP* 0.60*(c/ w)* Assumes that the yield spread, which measures default risk, is an appropriate risk amplitude to capture sovereign risk associated with an offshore project * Applies a value (60%) that reflects the average risk reflected by the stock market but not the bond market across all developing markets, thus ignoring country-specific correlations * Assumes that the projects risk is only when dependent on location. It does not factor project or industry-specific risk Goldman Sachs R = (Rf + YSc) + MRP* 1- SB * (c/ w)* Assumes that the yield spread, which measures default risk, is an appropriate risk premium to capture sovereign risk associated with an offshore project * Assumes that the projects risk is solely dependent on location. It does not factor project or industry-specific risk Salomon Smith Barney R = Rf + MRP* p + 1 + 1 + 3)/30*YS * Assumes that three factors can be measures on a scale from 1 to 10 in a robust and consistent way the companys access to capital markets, susceptibility of project to political risk, and financial importance of project to the company)6. Would you suggest any modifications to the structure of the nap? The structure of the transaction described in the case is to form a joint venture. Continental allow for c. get 50% of equity stake in Fintelco for USD 80 trillion. d. Commit to tender USD 70 million of capital for acquisitions and investments in technology upgrade at Fintelco. Samuel Liberman undertakes to provide another USD 70 million for the investments. e. Fintelco will bear a significant currency risk on its balance sheet, as its revenues are in peso, but liabilities, interest expense and programming costs are in US dollars. f. Continental will provide technical assistance to Fintelco on cost basis. g. The deal contained an exit agreement, th e so called shotgun deal, whereby after four years the partners could sell to each other our trigger an outright sale to the third party.The equipment casualty of the transaction are in our opinion fair for both parties. When being a financial advisor of Continental, we would suggest * That the commitment to invest USD 70 million in the target company is stated clearly, structured with limited recourse to the new shareholder to prevent undertaking a blanco commitment to invest capital. * luck purchase agreement between Continental and Samuel Liberman contains certain clauses about representations and warranties of both parties to mitigate the risk of financial loss in case of window book binding of the target company. * Shotgun clause to contain more substance over the price of the transaction in the future, giving a call and a rove option to both contractual counterparties * If one party will not wish to sell in the future at a certain price, it will undertake to purchase 50% s hares in the target company from the other party at the price it declined to sell at.

Ptlls Level 3 Theory Assessment 1

UNIT 1 PTLLS LEVEL 3 THEORY ASSESSMENT (1) / JOHN A F BRADY MERCIA 2011 Describe what your role, responsibilities and boundaries would be as a teacher in terms of the teaching / training cycle. The role of the teacher is to facilitate the nurture aims of the taught group on behalf of them and their service provider. Examples of overall learn aims include the passing of knowledge-based examinations, the demonstration of a skill or competency and, in some cases, a combination of all such elements.The teachers responsibilities atomic number 18 a set of specific actions grouped to achieve desired learning outcomes. These responsibilities cover two distinct areas, namely the pastoral and the pedagogic. The former includes educatee health & safety and behaviour management, the latter teaching methods and student engagement. In this context, the term boundaries describes the social contract between the service provider, teacher and learner group. Boundaries are concerned, for example, with service limits and the establishment and policing of codes of conduct.The teaching/training cycle is comprised of five activities, namely- (i) the identification of unavoidably, (ii) lesson planning and design, (iii) teaching the lesson and the facilitation of learning, (iv) assessing learner achievements, and (v) evaluating the contribution made of the teaching methods used. Identifying needs combines data collected before student induction, e. g. returned application forms and observations made at induction, e. g. during ice-breaker activity. My specialism of teaching adults English as a foreign language needs to ascertain a students ability to listen, read, talk and write.My role here includes assessing whether a students subject ability is appropriate or would be better addressed in a special needs context. My understanding of the material and institutional teaching environments will also inform how crush to cater for students with mobility issues/learning difficulties. Design and planning concerns the pedagogic and the pastoral. For the former, a series of lesson plans need to be devised to enable students to learn the syllabus content required by the awarding authority.Pastoral activities include social and institutional induction, e. g. ice-breakers, site-tours, H&S and other professional/legal requirements. A lesson is taught by the teacher and learnt by the student. A teaching responsibility is to gain insight into student ways of learning and to adjustdelivery to further facilitate learning. Consideration of inclusivity, diversity, behaviour and student inter-action will also better teaching/learning performance. Assessing adults learning English as a foreign language is a challenge.The teacher needs to use proceedures as laid strike down but remain flexible enough to guage nuances between those whose vocal skills may disguise poor written skills vice versa. Assessment must be systematic, collated and apparent to others. Evaluation likewise should be systematic and collated with clearly defined outcomes. Student feedback, CPD and self assessment are critical for the improvement of teaching performance and learning outcomes. (Recommended 300 500, actual 429 words,excluding titles)

Foundations of Psychology Essay

psychology is the process of understanding ones mental processes such as how and why one thinks, feels, and behaves the way they do. Psychology is the process by which the scientific rule is used to better understand and test these processes (Allport, 1985). Psychology was established as a means to blends these two differing aims of thought into one. Psychology quickly separated into distinguishable schools of thought as a means to explain the man mind and its behaviors. In this paper we will discuss in more depth virtu bothy a few of them such as structuralism, functionalism, psychoanalysis, behaviorism, and secular humanism (Allport, 1985). Wilhelm Wundt is thought to be one of psychologies founding fathers. He was a pioneer using laboratory query as a way to back up his theories of the mind. One of Wundts students Edward Titchener used Wundts theory of introspection as his basis of his new school of thought called structuralism.Structuralism is the study of the contents of the mind (Britannica, 2001). Just like his predecessor Titchener believed that the scientific method was the further means to the science of the mind. Structuralism was only one of two schools that dominated psychology in its early years. The other was functionalism. Functionalism was the product of one Harvard graduate named William James. James believed structuralism was a great start, til now felt the mind still needed further explaining and hence functionalism was born. Where structuralism focused its efforts on the mental processes themselves, functionalist conserved their efforts on the role those processes play. Functionalism is the study of how ones mental processes helps one adapt to their environment (Britannica, 2001). Psychoanalysis was founded by Sigmund Freud. Freud believed that the unconscious mind influenced behavior. Freud believed that the human mind was comprised of three elements the id, the swelled head, and the super ego. The id is composed of the primal u rges, whilethe ego is the component of personality charged with dealing with reality. The superego is the part of personality that holds all of the ideals and values we internalize from our parents and culture. Freud believed that the interaction of these three elements was what led to all of the complex human behaviors (Sheehy, & Forsythe, 2013).Freuds school of thought has not gone without controversy, however Freuds school of thought has influenced other of psychologys greats such as Anna Freud, Carl Jung, and Erik Erikson (Psychology, 2005). behaviourism formed as a reaction to the theories of John B. Watson, Ivan Pavlov, and B. F. Skinner. Behaviorism took off and became the dominant school of thought during the 1950s. Behaviorists focused their efforts of observable behavior. Behaviorist believe that all behavior can be explained by ones environment rather than by ones internal forces (Lee, 2005). Classical conditioning was invented by Ivan Pavlov. He believed that classical conditioning was the accomplishment process that occurs through associations between ones environmental stimulus and the naturally occurring stimulus. Operant conditioning was the thoughts of B. F. Skinner. Skinner believed that learning can occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Skinner believed that through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior (Lee, 2005).Humanism is the product of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers. Humanism focused on an individuals free will, self-actualization, and personal growth (Lee, 2005). While early schools of thought were largely centered on abnormal human behavior, humanistic psychology differed considerably in its emphasis on helping people achieve and fulfill their potential (Lee, 2005). Humanistic psychology remains quite popular today and has had a major influence on other areas of psychology including positive psychology. This particular branch of psychology is centered on helping people living happier, more fulfilling lives (Jimerson, 2007). intellectual a person requires special attention to not only ones biology, their psychological experience, and their social context. Psychology was established as a science in outrank to differentiate from biology and the philosophy of thought. In this paper we discussed in more depth about just a few of them such as structuralism, functionalism, psychoanalysis, behaviorism, and humanism and how they differ from one another. Although they each may have a different outlook, they all have the same goal to better understand onesmind and ones behavior.ReferencesAllport, G. W (1985). The historical background of social psychology. In Lindzey, G Aronson, E. The Handbook of Social Psychology. New York McGraw Hill. p.5 Evolutionary Psychology Theoretical Foundations. Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science. Hoboken Wiley, 2005. Credo Reference. 2 Feb. 2010. Web. 23 Oct. 2013. Retrieved 2014-10-26. Retrieved from http//www.cr edoreference.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/entry/wileycs/evolutionary_psychology_theoretical_foundations. Functionalism. Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, 2011. Retrieved 2014-10-26. Retrieved from http//www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/222123/functionalism Jimerson, S. R., Oakland, T. D., & Farrell, P. T. (Eds.). (2007). The handbook of international school psychology. gibibyte Oaks, CA SAGE Publications, Inc. Retrieved 2014-10-26. Retrieved from http//dx.doi.org.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/10.4135/9781412976138 Kratochwill, T. R. (2002). Evidence-based interventions in school psychology Thoughts on thoughtful commentary. School Psychology Quarterly, 17(4), and 518. Retrieved 2014-10-26. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/195476875?accountid=458 Lee, S. W. (Ed.). (2005). Encyclopedia of school psychology. Thousand Oaks, CA SAGE Publications, Inc. Retrieved 2014-10-26. Retrieved from http//dx.doi.org.ezproxy.apollolibrar y.com/10.4135/9781412952491 Oakland, T. D. (1986). move on thoughts on professionalism in school psychology. Professional School Psychology, 1(1), 47-49. Retrieved 2014-10-26. Retrieved from http//dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0090495 Peters, R. S., & Mace, C. A. (2006). Psychology. In D. M. Borchert (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Philosophy (2nd ed., Vol. 8, pp. 117-150). Detroit Macmillan Reference USA. Retrieved 2014-10-26. Retrieved from http//go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CCX3446801676&v=2.1&u=uphoenix&it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w&asid=b7b2ca334afa823cd8813b11a12599b6 Psychology. (2005). International Journal of Obesity, 29, S161-S163. Retrieved 2014-10-26. Retrieved from http//dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0803091 Sheehy, Noel, &

Character and Stories

Out of the many stories that we have to comp are, the best would have to be The Candide and Dantes colliery. There are many different ways that you can comparing these two similar stories. The most obvious comparison from the beginning would have to be righteousness. Both of these stories begin with a man that has some type of issue or tries to decide how to deal and question religion. Another way to compare these stories is how two stories were controversial at the time because of their religious meanings.Dantes inferno was extremely controversial because of the fact that it described hell in such a comminuted way and painted a vivid picture for such a negative place. Candied was controversial because of the way it concluded. Since both of these stories had to do with religion it makes wizard that it would have controversy. Most stories that have to do with religion in one way or another have some sort of controversy with them.There are too many plurality that have many diffe rent beliefs and ideas of what religion is for it not to be one of the more controversial storylines. Another way to compare both of these stories is by noticing the fact that both Dante and Candide both end up having mentors or people that help them guide them through the story. This is another connection that religion brings together Virgil as a guide to help him travel through hell. In Candide, Pangloss helps Candide travel through his journey as well.This is a common basis in stories that have to do with religion because a lot of religious stories deal with a person either not believing or having care finding religion and using a guide or a mentor having their own connection to religion. For example, Pangloss was a philospher that had many strong theories about religion. On Dantes inferno Virgil was an pagon so he was deeply connected in the religion to help the briny character to understand and help himcome to a closing curtain about what his conflict is and how to solve it. Both stories in any case had very elaborate sexual scenes.In Candide, Pangloss contracted syphilis from a chambermaid named Panquete. In Dantes Inferno the second circle was designed for people who committed lust crimes while on earth. I believe that different sexual partners were not accepted and were also frowned upon making these acts known in both stories helped signify what people believed was right or wrong. I believe some of the issues that they had would be replaced that we find wrong in our society or magnified so that religion can help separate what is accepted and what is not. For example, I believe if it as this day and age that peoples sexual orientation would play a much bigger role in Dantes inferno. Also, in both stories there are quadruplex people that meet throughout the story that all have different outlooks on life, religion, and philosophy. I believe this helps to make the story more enjoyable so the main character does not only have one idea to believe in. i t also makes the story more realistic by making the main character choose between different people to trust or different people to help him guide him through the story.

Disadvantages of Playing Video Games Essay

In the last several years the interactive games have had an amazing development in terms of image quality and variety of games. This has lead to children and adults spend more time gaming and less time sharing with their families and friends. There ar many significant disadvantages of contend video games.First, electronic games competency have a negative impact over personal physical health. Gamers become lazy because they do not exercise every day. For example, they often extinguish only junk foods while playing, so they can become obese. Besides that, players have weak muscles because they do not exercise continuously, so their physical experimental condition decreases. Moreover, their visibility is reduced by the time they are exposed in front of TV. When competitors spend a lot of time playing interactive games, their eyesight is damaged as a result, they might need glasses. If gamers visibility decreases they have terrible headaches every day consequently, they do not can sleep efficiently.The guerrilla disadvantage is that video games negatively affect the mental health of the people. Players can have a game addiction so they reduced contact with the environment. play electronic games loses the competitors interest in doing their daily activities such as hobbies or sports thus, they do not perform outdoor activities. Furthermore, gamers attitude changes with the interactive games because they can be isolated, so they lack social interaction with their families and friends. Additionally, the children behavior can be affected by the excessive gaming because they do not difference amidst real life and in-game life. When a kid often plays video games, he wants to respond to any problem like his favorite character in the game, so this promotes his violence. Also, electronic games might produce mood swings in very young people as a result, they have problems behavior in stress situation.Finally, players are irresponsible because do not mind their dutie s. The students break out in the exams so they repeat the grade. If learners do not do their homework, they do not practice adequate their classes thus, they have a low mark in their test. Besides that, the pupils do not review the lessons because they prefer on-line activities consequently, they do not study adequately. Moreover, workers fail in their jobs. The gamers become disorganized with their jobs because they do not sleep sufficient by gaming then, they lost their employment. Not only that, player is unable to distil on their work because he is thinking about interactive games all day, so he do not satisfy company expectations.In conclusion, playing video games has several important drawbacks. They are decreased physical condition, play compulsively, isolating, and feckless. Parents should be more careful with the time their children are exposed to electronic games, and adults should filter out to maintain an active social life.

Bass Reeves

Black reeves is best known as the first African-American deputy Marshall West of the Mississippi River. He is considered as one of the greatest frontier heroes of America. Using his endowment fund with firearms to clean op the chaotic Indian Territory, he was able to turn in numerous malefactors into custody. Where he was in truth born is shrouded in mystery as several sources say that he is either born in Texas or Arkansas.At any rate, he eventually moved to Texas along with his master, George Reeves, a politician and farmer, with whom freshwater bass Reeves stand firm name, was taken (Weiser, 2009). basso Reeves, despite his big frame, was a good man, polite in his ways, and had a good maven of humor. These characteristics allowed him to be favored by his masterhe became the buddy and per word of honoral servant of George Reeves. During the Civil war, George Reeves united the Confederate army and tagged along with him Bass Reeves (Weiser, 2009). A sort of Civil War in spite of appearance Bass and Georges relationship also happened during the war. Bass Reeves, for one reason or another odd his master and sought refuge in Indian land.Rumors say that a fight broke step up between George and Bass during a card game, another rumor says that the promise of universe free after(prenominal) the war coaxed Bass Reeves into parting ways with his master. He spent a good deal of fourth dimension with Seminole and Creek Indians, all the fleck honing his skills in shooting. He became so skilled in shooting that he was disqualified in most turkey shooting competitions (Weiser, 2009). The Emancipation Proclamation of 1863 freed all the African-American slaves. Bass Reeves purchased land in Arkansas where he put up a farm.After a year of being a successful farmer, he was married to Nellie Jennie. Bass Reeves and Nellie Jennie raised a family of five girls and five boys while enjoying life on the farm (Weiser, 2009). The chaotic Indian Territory would be the cause for Bass Reeves career change. The Indian Territory during Reeves time became the hide fall out of all sorts of out constabularys. This prompted the organisation to commission Isaac Parker as a judge in the District Court at Fort Smith, Arkansas, the close together(predicate) fort near the Indian Territory.In turn, Parker commissioned James Fagan, a US Marshall, to employ 200 deputies. Bass Reeves familiarity with the Indian Territory and local languages (because of his exile there) came into Fagans attention, resulting in the recruitment of Reeves. The deputies were hired for one intention alone, and that is to eradicate the outlaws of the area at any cost (Weiser, 2009). Reeves soon started his duty as a US Deputy and worked alongside fellow frontier legends like Bud Ledbetter, Bill Tilghman, and Heck Thomas.The US Deputies covered nearly 75,000 square miles of land encompassing okey, which is within the jurisdiction of Fort Smith (Weiser, 2009). The law states that a antece dent of arrest is needed in order for the arrest to be legal. An uneducated person would have dread with this because vouchs are written documents, and deputies practically have to carry multiple warrants with them. However, illiteracy did not stop Reeves from carrying out his duty He memorized each warrant by having it read aloud to him before they ride out.He knew which warrant to show for each criminal (Weiser, 2009). As if his 6 foot, ii-inch frame was not tall enough to limit criminals, Reeves, fully dressed with shined boots and all, rode a big stallion to be a dominant figure. Despite his nub of looking at his best all the time, when the task required a little bit of creativity, he used a variety of guises to apprehend criminals as efficiently as possible. He always had with him two revolvers which he used, and he was adept at using them in both hands (Weiser, 2009).Reeves pursuit of criminals would often mean that he would be out of the fort for months at a time and co me tooshie only to turn in his usurpd criminals and spend a short time with his family (Weiser, 2009). One capture that has immortalized Reeves is his capture of two outlaw brothers in the Red River Valley. His posse camped out a distance away from the signboard where the outlaws were thought to be hiding. Reeves disguised himself as a man in rags and knocked on the door of the outlaws. The outlaws become opened up and allowed him to stay, all the while fooling her that he wants to join forces with her sons.The outlaws came home, and Reeves managed to convince the family to join forces. musical composition the outlaws were on their sleep, Reeves handcuffed them without them even noticing. First thing in the morning, Reeves woke the outlaws and brought them to the camp where the rest of his posse was. The outlaws capture brought in an additional $5,000 dollars to Reeves name (Weiser, 2009). Another famous adventure that Reeves involved himself into is the encounter with Bob Dozi er. Dozier was an infamous criminal and has managed to elude Reeves for the longest time.Refusing arrest, Dozier was shot dead by Reeves (Weiser, 2009). The hardest arrest that Reeves had to do was the arrest of his own son. His son was charged by killing his own wife. Reeves volunteered to take his own son into custody. After half a month of pursuit, he turned in his son and was tried and sent to prison but was released sooner than decreed because of petition and a clean record while in prison (Weiser, 2009). After law enforcement was established in the area, deputies were no longer needed. He served as a patrolman in Oklahoma for two years. While he was in the office, crime was virtually zero.Only sickness prevented Reeves from continuing his service, as he was diagnosed with Brights disease. He died on the 12th of January 1910 (Weiser, 2009). Over 3,000 outlaws were apprehended by Reeves in a span of 35 years. That means more than 7 outlaws turned in every month if we do the mat h. With just 14 casualties in all, Bass Reeves is probably the most efficient official in American history (Weiser, 2009). Reference Weiser, K. (2009). Black Reeves Black Hero Marshall. Legends of America. com. Retrieved March 19, 2009, from http//www. legendsofamerica. com/WE-BassReeves. html.

Hunger in America

****** Willingham M. Handran English 112 aridness in America We put up in a nation where a large partage of its inhabitants suffer from scotch hardship and atomic number 18 left with no other option provided to pick and choose among certain necessities over other fundamental needs due to a lack of financial resources. some of these people atomic number 18 forced into having to choose between taking their life-saving medications or being able to expel for that day, while others simply wear no weft at either last(predicate).These people simply have no other choice but go hungry despite the copious amounts of forage produced in this nation. some(a) of the primary factors responsible for this heartbreaking predicament stem from a lack of consistent in the public eye(predicate) aw beness outside of the quick fix Band-Aid approach during Thanksgiving and Christmas holiday victuals drives and other short-term feed campaigns coupled with an inadequate job market for both t he unemployed and the underemployed which causes poverty.Insufficient and inconsistent charitable donations to embolden those in need are also contribute factors along with the physical and financial barriers which prevent ecumenical access to food to a large population of children, the elderly and the disabled. A nonher high profile agreement for this wide spread problem is due to the direct relationship between the increase in the court of fuel and how it affects the price of food. Hunger is an equal opportunity destructive force which gives no preference to sex, age, race, religion or educational stomachground. fodder insecurities in the United States alone affect an outrageous percentage of citizens in the earths some affluent nation, afflicting millions of Americans on a daily basis. Hunger in America is incomplete widely acknowledged nor highly publicized due to the fact that the United States is the worlds wealthiest nation. In light of the facts as fixd by our governments Department of Agriculture and in the minds of all hungry psyches in this country, America should be recognized as being the worlds closely wasteful and irresponsible nation on earth.The United States jugs of zillions of pounds of high-quality edible food every wholeness year. Hunger in America is an egregious and inexplicable indictment against our society, and it has created an environment of extreme hardship and suffering that is altogether inexcusable in a land where crave should non even exist and where something more than(prenominal) must(prenominal) be done to alleviate hungriness in our great nation. Our Citizens health and Sustenance We live in the worlds wealthiest and most plentiful country, yet almost 15 percent of U. S. amilies, slightly 49 million Americans, including 16. 2 million children struggle to acquire sustenance ( bread for the World). About 15 percent of the American population find themselves struggling at varying degrees from day to day in rig to provide food for themselves and their families. Why, in the midst of plenty, are people forced to go without staple necessities? Tens of millions of Americans are immediately affected by this silent plague known as the American hungriness crisis which is at once proportional to the level of poverty existing in the United States.As a matter of fact, The nations official poverty rate in 2010 was 15. 1 percent, up from 14. 3 percent in 2009 (Income, pauperization and Health Insurance in the United States 2010). These proximate percentages between hunger and poverty blatantly expand the relationship between the two. Without poverty, hunger doesnt exist. In the discussion of poverty and hunger, inevitabilities such as food, healthcare, basic and adequate shelter, utilities and transportation expenses are severely limited and some of these necessities are either cut back drastically, or they are simply inaccessible.One might have nice money to feed their family, bu t not have the ability to pay for their childrens health expenses or clothing. The number of people without health indemnification stretchage rose from 49. 0 million in 2009 to 49. 9 million in 2010 (Income, destitution and Health Insurance in the United States 2010). The vast number of people without health insurance is simply some other statistic where the figures are obviously too much of a similarity to be justified as mere coincidence.Without their health, how can any American citizen be expected to obtain, much less maintain an adequate gainful job and continue to be able to provide sustenance for themselves and their families? Regarding jobs, for a significant number of Americans, the U. S. lug market is not very efficient and doesnt work as a reliable counsel to create a steady career to provide for their families (Bread for the World). The job market in the United States has go along to remain stagnant with an unemployment rate that has surpassed eight percent sinc e February 2009, and it has been projected that the very same percentage is oing to exist in our country until 2014 (Understanding and Responding to Persistently High Unemployment). When the unemployment rate is coupled with the rate of underemployment, those who are employed scarce part-time but possessing the skills necessary for full-time employment, the percentage of food insecure individuals more than doubled. People that are having a hard time finding full-time work, and those who are willing and able to work, but who have been discouraged from searching so long has risen to 17. percent in the month of September 2010 (Record Underemployment Devastates American Workers). Far too many an(prenominal) people are in desperate need of both food and full-time employment. Hunger in America Hidden in Plain Sight Not scarce is it extremely disconcerting and an indictment against the government at both the federal and state levels, but its also a direct reflection of American society in general that the issue of hunger in America has not been given the recognition or public awareness that is warranted for such a national and catastrophic epidemic.While there are organizations and individuals that continue to bring this concern into the light of the public eye, it is smooth neither adequate nor consistent enough to bring a broad awareness to our current hunger plight in this country. Members of Bread for the World continue to write letters to members of Congress to emphasize the severity of this situation hoping that those with the political power and clout will actually do something (Bread for the World). Many American children are at risk because they have not been recognized as being the victims of this national disaster which is American hunger (Lichter et al, 97).While there is promising news on the war against hunger, there are many more battles to be won. The House of Representatives recently passed the strong, Hunger-Free Kids Act which was signed int o law on December 13, 2010 by professorship Barrack Obama (Advocacy). This legislation authorized the funding and set the policy for the United States Department of Agricultures primary child nutrition programs (Healthy Hunger-Free Kids Act). This is definitely a step in the right direction but much more must be done.For example, becoming an advocate for individuals suffering from food in certification is lively to fighting hunger because it offers many ways to become active not only in crucial public policy issues of the day, but also within our communities (Advocacy). More focused and stringent efforts from the public and hush-hush sectors are necessary to keep this critical issue in the arena of public awareness since a large majority of the American population is completely unaware of the reality that almost 50 million of their neighbors, friends, family and coworkers suffer daily from this silent epidemic.Single Mothers and Others Among the several millions of people that d o suffer from food insecurity in America, there are certain root words of people from distressed backgrounds that tend to deal with much more haul than others when it comes to hunger and poverty. Fathers all over our nation are deserting their partners and children. In merely cardinal decades, the percent of children alert without their grows increased from 17 percent to 36 percent, more than doubling the number ( Popenoe, 33). As disturbing as it may seem, the percentage that exists today continues to grow.Young developing children and their struggling mothers that strive to endure the difficulties of life without a father in the home or with an estranged father who doesnt pay child support has resulted in huge numbers of women and children to be left in great need of financial aid. In fact, single mother families are the group of citizens that are most at risk. Their numbers are rapidly growing, and they are becoming the poorest segment of the population in the country (Dodso n, 109). Many of the worst tragedies in situations like these are the children that go to bed without enough to eat at night.Millions of children are left to sit in hunger and are helpless because their guardians cannot provide an adequate amount of food for their nourishment. In fact, one in vanadium children or 20 percent suffered from hunger in the year 2000. That was ten million children. Even worse, three million of those children underwent an even more stomach wrenching hunger predicament where they had no other choice but to eat even less and were forced to skip meals due to a lack of food (Food First). A major contributing factor that has had a direct negative impact on these families is the apparently ever increasing cost of fuel or access to energy.Whenever the price of oil and gas increases, every aspect of our economy is affected. The worst of which is the increase in the cost of food. Beginning with the farmers who require fuel to feed their tractors and other farm e quipment along with oil-based pesticides and other chemicals needed for large crop production, this is just the beginning (Heinberg ). As manufacturers require energy to produce food for public consumption, they must increase their costs of production to cover the extra energy expense.The large semi-trucks that deliver those food products have to pay more for fuel, and the grocery parentage is forced to increase their prices in order to remain in business (Gas Prices Start to Affect Food Prices). While single mother families are at the top of the food insecure pyramid, another group of individuals is suffering just as much. These people are our senior citizens and the disabled who must survive on fixed incomes, the majority of whom depend solely on the federal government through social security payments they receive along with certain entitlement programs if they qualify (Sepulvado).Furthermore, the fact that the United States of America disposes of over 100 billion pounds of edita ble food annually is an ignominious slap in the face to the masses of hungry American citizens (Hunger In America). Hunger in America Conclusion Alleviating hunger in America may be a disheartening and seemingly overwhelming task, but there is an untold and extremely underpublicized confidence among many public and private organizations and individuals that it is possible with persistence and dedication. The facts are clear. Approximately 50 million American citizens suffer from a lack of food.In our politically correct society, the phrase food insecure was adopted as a more palatable euphemism to avoid and hide the harsh reality that the wealthiest nation on earth is filled with millions of urgently hungry people, over 16 million of whom are children. Lack of consistent public awareness, inadequate government funding and insufficient charitable contributions, the unemployment and underemployment rates and the increasing costs of fuel are all contributing factors that continue to f eed the national disgrace of American hunger.There are quotes from famous individuals concerning hunger that seem date to include and conclude this research. Most of our citizenry believes that hunger only affects people who are lazy or people who are just looking for a handout, people who dont want to work, but, sadly, that is not true. Over one-third of our hungry people are innocent children who are members of households that simply cannot provide enough food or proper nutrition. And to think of the elderly suffering from malnutrition is just too hard for most of us. UnlikeThird World nations, in our country the problem is not having too little it is about not lovingness enough Write your elected representatives and promote support for the hungry. -Erin Brokovich. Another quote from the most iconic civil rights leader in the United States said this Why should there be hunger and deprivation in any land, in any city, at any table, when man has the resources and the scientific know-how to provide all earthly concern with the basic necessities of life? There is no deficit in gay resources. The deficit is in human will. -Martin Luther King, Jr.The 32nd President of the United States said this about hunger But while they prate of economical laws, men and women are starving. We must lay hold of the fact that economic laws are not make by nature. They are made by human beings. -Franklin D. Roosevelt. This final quote comes from a woman who many would claim was the most selfless individual in our lifetime When a poor person dies of hunger, it has not happened because God did not take care of him or her. It has happened because neither you nor I wanted to give that person what he or she needed. -Mother Teresa. Hunger in America is an incomprehensible condemnation against our nation. This social injustice directly inflicts extreme hardship upon millions of Americans and causes unnecessary and completely avoidable suffering simply because we as individuals and federal and state agencies are poor stewards of the food resources which we have in an abundant supply yet we deliberately dispose of billions of pounds of good edible food which is more than enough to alleviate hunger in the most well-disposed and the most powerful country on earth.Works Cited Advocacy. Lutheran Social Services of North Dakota. Web. 11 Apr. 2012. . Bread for the World Have Faith. End Hunger. U. S. Hunger Homepage. Web. 17 Mar. 2012. . Dodson, Lisa. Chapter 5. Lost Fathers. By Cynthia R. . Daniels. New York St. Martins, 1998. Print. Food First. Ch. 1. Poverty Opposing Viewpoints. Hunger Is a Serious Problem for Americas Poor San Diego, CA Greenhaven, 2004. 19-21. Print. Healthy Hunger-Free Kids Act. Web. 18 Apr. 2012. . Heinberg, Richard. Article. Soaring Oil and Food Prices Threaten Affordable Food Supply. Web. 19 Apr. 2012. . Hunger In America. Hunger in America Diminished by Gardeners and AmpleHarvest. org. Web. 19 Apr. 2012. Income, Poverty and Health Insu rance in the United States 2010. Census Bureau Homepage. Web. 17 Mar. 2012. . Lichter, Daniel T. , Vincent J. Roscigno, and Dennis J. Condron. Chapter 7. Challenges for Rural America in the Twenty-first Century. Ed. David L. Brown, Louis E. Swanson, and Alan W. Barton. University Park atomic number 91 State UP, 2003. 97-98.Print. Popenoe, David. Chapter 2. Lost Fathers. By Cynthia R. . Daniels. New York St. Martins, 1998. Print. Record Underemployment Devastates American Workers. GOP. gov. Web. 27 Mar. 2012. . Sepulvado, John. Rising Food Prices Could effort up Rates of Hunger. CNN. Cable News Network, 16 Mar. 2011. Web. 19 Apr. 2012. . Understanding and Responding to Persistently High Unemployment. CBO. Web. 25 Mar. 2012. . Vivek, S. Chapter 8. Global Obligations for the Right to Food. By George Kent. Lanham, MD Rowman & Littlefield, 2008. Print.

Relationships in Little Women and Cats in the Cradle

Relationships in exact Women and Cats in the provenance Relationships can be positive or ostracize. Varied perceptions define the nature of descents as positive or blackball. The effects of positive and negative consanguinitys have lasting consequences on individuals having both a positive and negative aspect in each relationship assists humankind but negative relationships is the show up of decisions and actions that have negative impacts. commitment is one of the fundamental traits that are present in a positive relationship.However, little loyalty can lead to deterioration in a psyches quality of life, happiness and connection with the people involved in that relationship. The relationships in Little Women by Louisa may Alcott and Cats in the Cradle by Harry Chapin shows many varied views of positive and negative relationships. Positive and negative relationships are define by varied perceptions of the characters. Having both a positive and negative aspect in each rel ationship assists humankind to develop, learn, be happy and survive.Positive relationships are evident in Little Women by Louisa whitethorn Alcott as well as negative relationships throughout the March family this shows that they are not a perfect family and even though Little Women is set in the 1860s, families today can relate to the relationship shown between the March family, particularly the relationship Meg, Jo, Amy and Beth have with each different. They fight, love, care and garter each opposite and through tough times, they always forgive each other.Here is a quote from Little Women by Louisa May Alcott, My dear, dont let the sun go down upon your anger forgive each other, help each other, and begin again to-morrow. Marmee to Jo, Chapter 8, Page 76. This quote shows endearment, My dear, demonstrates the positive relationship that Mrs March has with Jo and the love that they piece of land for each other. This quote simply implies that we should not let our fury or ha tred live on even during our slumber.As much as possible, we must resolve our problems and reconcile. We should progress to each other in combine rather than destroy each other to strengthen bonds whether it may be in filial, romantic, or lucky relationships. Positive and negative relationships are defined by varied perceptions of the characters. Relationships can be negative at times and if these negative relationships are not resolved, it can impact all individuals involved for a yearn period of time.Negative relationships do not necessarily occur because of one poor influential mistake it is the build up of decisions and actions that can have a negative impact and create a negative relationship between the interactions of two people. An example of a negative relationship is evident in Cats in the Cradle by Harry Chapin between the commence and his son. Here is a quote from Cats in the Cradle by Harry Chapin, And as I hung up the phone it occurred to me, hed grown up erect like me, my boy was just like me. This quote shows irony.It is ironic that the son becomes like his father, in a different way than expected. It was expected that the son would want to be like the father in a career ace and this demonstrates the negative relationship that the father has with his son not in a sense that they despise each other but putting off seeing and talking to each other creates a negative impacts throughout their relationship. Positive and negative relationships are defined by varied perceptions of the characters. Loyalty is one of the fundamental traits that are present in a positive relationship.Without loyalty doubts of trust and inadequacy of respect begin to come to the fore and relationships begin to crumble. Within the relationship of Mr and Mrs March, loyalty is the most classical factor of the relationship. Here is a quote from Little Women by Louisa May Alcott, That is the secret of our home happiness. He does not let business wean him from the li ttle cares and duties that affect us all, and I try not to let domestic worries destroy my interest in his pursuits. Each do our part alone in many things, but at home we work in concert, always. Marmee to Meg, Chapter 38, Page 392. This quote shows a back-story of Mr and Mrs Marchs life that they were not always like this and had the same problems that Meg has starting out married life, especially with children. This adds meaning to their current circumstances and if they did not find a way to work together and be together as much as possible, problems would have occurred but because of the above quote, Mr and Mrs March show loyalty to each other and create a positive relationships not only for themselves but also for others more or less them.Mrs. March suggests that the domestic sphere is a joint effort husband and wife work together to create a home, instead of every aspect of it being the wifes responsibility. Positive and negative relationships are defined by varied percept ions of the characters. Within every relationship some form of loyalty will be present that contributes to the positive relationship. However, little loyalty can lead to deterioration in a persons quality of life, happiness and connection with the people involved in that relationship. Cats in the Cradle introduces the opened matter indicating the troublesome relationship shared between father and son, My child arrived just the other day, he came to the world in the usual way. The quote is a metaphor for the birth of his son. It is an emotionless way to follow the birth of his son. This metaphor gives an initial indication of an absent relationship between the father and son. It is clear that although the father provides the necessities for the child, his career driven lifestyle restrains him from spending quality time with his son.Positive and negative relationships are defined by varied perceptions of the characters. To sum up, varied perceptions define the nature of relationshi ps as positive or negative. Mention division sentences. The relationships in Little Women by Louisa May Alcott and Cats in the Cradle by Harry Chapin shows many different views of positive and negative relationships. The statement, relationships can be positive or negative, is true but positive and negative relationships coexist.

The Shoehorn Sonata

The Shoe- horn Sonata by John Misto The opening scene, with Bridie demonstrating the dusky, subservient bow, the kow-tow, demanded of the prisoners by their Nipponese guards during tenko, takes the hearing straight into the displaceion. As the interviewer, Rick, poses questions, music and images from the war period flash on the screen behind Bridie, and the audience realises they are watching the filming of a television documentary. The time is without delay, and Bridie is being asked to disengage the events of fifty eld earlier.This scene establishes who Bridie is, and introduces the audience to the situation the recall and in a sense the re-living of memories of the years of imprisonment. Characterisation TASK Re- hold the fit. Go by means of and highlight specific characteristics of our two protagonists ensuring that you can provide inference from the play (The evidence could be lines or phrases of dialogue, their actions, current or one-time(prenominal), or their bod y language as described in the text. ) Character Specific Characteristics Evidence from the play Bridie Shelia ACT & SCENE Spine epitome (3-4 lines) Quotations execute 1, characterization 1 Act 1, Scene 2 Act 1, Scene 3 Eg. Women govern themselves in the water and the song Young Jerusalem is sung by young Sheila . Act 1, Scene 4 Act 1, Scene 5 Act 1, Scene 6 Act 1, Scene 7 Act 1, Scene 8 Shoe Horn Sonata Act ONE Analysis Re analyse each scene and write a short summary outlining the spine of the scene (What keeps it together). Write in full two of the main quotes from the scene that supports the spine summary.Do this for AT LEAST 3-4 scenes PER act Shoe Horn Sonata Act TWO Analysis ACT & SCENE Spine Summary (3-4 lines) Quotations Act 2, Scene 1 Act 2, Scene 2 Act 2, Scene 3 Act 2, Scene 4 Act 2, Scene 5 Act 2, Scene 6 Act 2, Scene 7 Re read each scene and write a short summary outlining the spine of the scene (What keeps it together). Write in fu ll two of the main quotes from the scene that support the spine summary. Do this for AT LEAST 3-4 scenes PER act Characterisation Characterisation can mean two things 1.The nature of a particular character as it is presented in a text. This would include age, appearance, temperament, past life experiences, personality traits, characteristic ways of expression, values and ideals, motivations, reactions to circumstances, responses to a nonher(prenominal) characters. 2. The methods the composer of a text has partd to project this character to the audience or reader. These would include, among other things, the words they use or others use about them, their decisions and actions, their body language, responses to others words and actions, the motivations they reveal. See Activities The plays structure is establish on the differences in character and temperament betwixt Bridie and Sheila which are gradually revealed to the audience. The action of the play revisits their past hardships and terrors, but the final focus is on the trauma they vex suffered after(prenominal)wards. The disclosure of the crises they stomach each face is presented as a healing action, which leads to the resolution of their differences and a satisfying closure to the play. Mistos own motivations for researching these events and constitution the play is made pass on in his Authors Note (p. 6). His perceptions of Australias neglect to respect such women as Bridie is suggested when she says In 1951 we were each sent thirty pounds. The Japanese said it was compensation. Thats tanner a day for each day of imprisonment. Introduction to Play Sheilas arrival at the motel from Perth introduces at once one source of friction between the two they clearly have not been in uphold with one another for many decades. Each is just finding out basic information as whether the other ever married or had children.The audience sees, too, that the warmth of Bridies greeting Gee its good to see you i s not reciprocated by Sheila. The audience wonders why not. The revelations by the end of Act ace will finally show the reason. The body language described on page 26 indicates the deep underlying tension between the twoyet the scene ends with their approaching the suitcase as they used to lift the coffins of the dead to the cries of Ichi, ni, sanYa-ta Their shared experiences are a strong bond. The Shoe-Horn Sonata is divided into two acts the longer Act One, with ogdoad scenes, and a shorter Act Two, with six scenes.It follows theatrical custom by providing a major climax originally the final curtain of Act One, which resolves some of the suspense and mystery, but leaves the audience to wonder what direction the play will take after the interval. The action cuts between two settings a television studio and a Melbourne motel room. The extreme danger the prisoners faced is indicated by Bridie during this exposition over-crowded ships sailing towards an enemy fleet, the unprepare dness of the British garrison in Singapore for the invasion, the fear of rape for the women.Misto thus sets up some of the issues to be confronted during the course of the play between the Australian Bridie and the former English schoolgirl Sheila. Sheila appears in Scene Two, and the major conflict of the play begins to simmer. Journey through memory For the rest of Act One, the shared memories of Bridie and Sheila become those of the audience, through the dramatic techniques Misto uses. In Scene Three, the audience is reminded of how young Sheila was when she was taken prisoner.The voice of a teenage girl sings part of Jerusalem, the stirring and imaginative song with words by English poet William Blake, and the mature Sheila joins in. (Later Bridie and Sheila sing it together. ) Bridies attitude from their first confluence as shipwreck survivors drifting in the sea is protective of Sheila. She sees her as another stuck-up pom, and hits her with her Shoe-Horn to keep her awake. Sheila has been taught by her snobbish mother to look down on the Irish, the label she puts on the Sydney suck up from Chatswood because of her surname.Further differences between the two surface in Scene Five, when the officers club set up by the Japanese is described. But by the end of this scene they are recalling the choir and orchestra of womens voices set up by Miss Dryburgh. Scene Six opens with Bridie and Sheila in a conga line singing the parodies of well-k forthwithn songs theyd used to taunt their captors and keep their spirits up Pain and tension Soon they are arguing, counsel on their differing attitudes to the British women who in Bridies view were selling themselves for food to the Japanese.The tension rises as more than and more is revealed about the deteriorating conditions for the prisoners and the relentless number of deaths, especially in the Belalau camp. At the end of the Act, in a dramatic gesture, Sheila applys the Shoe-Horn. She had claimed to sell it fo r quinine to save Bridies lifebut in fact as she at one time reveals she had been forced to sleep with the enemy to buy the medicine. She extorts from Bridie the implicit admission that she would not have made that hold for her. Bridie says nothing, but cannot face Sheila.Sheila is shattered by the realisation All these years Ive told myself that youd have done the same for me. Calmly I was wrong, though, wasnt I? Act Two opens back in the studio, where Bridie and Sheila apologise on the documentary the appalling conditions in the death camp of Belalau. Suspense is built by the revelation that orders had been given that no prisoners were to survive to the end of the war. The audience requisites to know how there could have been survivors. They also want to know how or if the tension in the relationship between the two women can be resolved.It becomes clear that the traumatised Sheila cannot in civilian life face any sexual relationship nor has she felt able to return to Britain or to face remaining with her family in Singapore. She has led a quiet life as a librarian in Perth. Her nights are filled with nightmarish recollections about Lipstick Larry, and she drinks rather too much. In contrast, Bridie had been happily married for years to the cheeky Australian soldier who had waved and winked at her at Christmas behind the wire. She is now widowed and childless. Ambush and resolutionMisto is preparing an ambush for the audience. By Scene Twelve, Bridies disgrace is revealed. Spooked when she is surrounded by a group of chattering Japanese tourists in David Jones Food Hall, she runs away with a tin of shortbread and afterwards pleads guilty in court to shoplifting. I still lie awake cringing with shame she tells Sheila. She could not beg off the truth about her phobia to the court or to her family and friends. The effect on Sheila is more than Bridie expected. She now decides that she can be at peace only if she faces the truth in public.She explains The re are believably thousands of survivors like usstill trapped in the wartoo ashamed to tell anyone. Bridie urges her not to. But in Scene Thirteen after they have recounted how they were eventually discovered and rescued, days after the end of the war, it is in fact Bridie who reveals the truth of Sheilas heroism and self-sacrifice. She then finds the courage to ask Sheila to explain about her shoplifting arrest The scene ends with the declaration Bridie has waited fifty years for And Id do it all over again if I had to. cause Bridies my friend The tensions between the two have now been resolved the secrets are out, both the personal ones and the long-hidden information about the experiences of the women prisoners and internees. The brief and cheerful net scene shows their friendship restored, the Shoe-Horn returned to its rightful owner, plans made for a Christmas reunion, and, finally, the peacetime dance they had promised one another in the camp. The distressing Danube plays It is the music of joy and triumph and survival.

Political Economy and the Propaganda Model of Noam Chomsky

Using one of the vitrine studies outlined by Chomsky & Herman in Manucircumstanceuring Consent The Political preservation of the Mass Media, critic onlyy assess the main propositions put forwarfared in their analysis of the mass media. Is the Propaganda regulate restrained pertinent today? Noam Chomsky along with Edward Herman has fetched thePropaganda Modelof the media works. They helped develop the detailed and sophisticated analysis of how the wealthy and mogulful use the media to propagandise their own interests behind a mask of objective news reporting.Herman and Chomsky expound this analysis in their bookManufacturing Consent The Political Economy of the Mass Media. In their 1988 book, Edward Herman and Noam Chomskys propaganda model argues that there be 5 classes of filters in society which con what is news in other words, what gets broadcast by radio or printed in newspapers and shown on television. Herman and Chomskys model also explains how dissent from the mains tream is wedded niggling, or zero, cov erage, while authoritiess and big business gain easy attack to the common in order to convey their state-corporate messages.Noam Chomsky has been engaged in political activism most of his life he r up firstly about the media coverage of Nicaragua. July 19, 1979 the oddistFrente Sandinista de Liberacion Nacional(FSLN/Sandinistas) rolled into Managua, Nicaragua leader of the insurrection that had finally succeeded in overthrowing the dictator Anastasio Somoza Debayle. Then there was the resource in 1984. The Ameri lavatory coverage for the elections in Nicaragua and el Salvador be a key aspect which Chomsky and Herman cover in Manufacturing Consent, and one which Chomsky spoke of on many occasions.The media cover both elections in both countries simultaneously the American media condemned the outcome of the election in Nicaragua as a soviet sham because the new Nicaraguan giving medication were against the American puppet government a nd were a more(prenominal)(prenominal) socialist coun evaluate. Because President Reagans war created a need for a propaganda achievement, in December 1983 the Sandinistas outsmarted Washington by scheduling their first post-triumph election earlier than originally planned 2 days before Americans would find out whether President Reagan should continue to lead the coun label.The Media coverage up to this point had been little in the way of truth, and of the veridical happenings of Nicaragua in the past. What they were trying to achieve, for many years, and most of all about the upcoming elections of the period. The American press have the appearance _or_ semblanceed to try and protect Americas interest and perception by the people, then to deliver unbiased reporting. The fact that most of the rest of the world was opposed to Reagans terrorist activities didnt filter through to the Americans.Most of the Nicaraguan people, along with many worldwide had hoped that if the Sandinis tas won as anticipate, Washington would accept the results and call off President Reagans freedom fighters. This was a naive hope, as Secretary of State George P. Shultz made clear with or without elections we leave behind continue our policy of pressuring Nicaragua. Nicaragua was in the news on election night in the U. S, but the tommyrot that was in the news was not one on Nicaraguas election. The story was of soviet MIGs.As account by CBS Evening News on November 6, 1984, the soviet freighter Bakuriani was on its way to Nicaragua with MIG 21 fighters aboard. The sham election story was succeeded quickly by the security terror story. The overwhelming majority of objective ob resolvers think that the election was conducted competently and fairly by the Supreme Electoral Council, and that all Nicaraguan political parties had been given ample opportunity and resources to campaign and get their messages out to the people without serious hindrance from the Sandinistas.While all this was going on, the American government stated on the complete flipside that the El Salvador election, whose victors were against the socialist uprising, was a victory for democracy. The Americans supported the oppressive party and condemned the socialists because it suited them and they could easily pass off the socialists as communists. The American government continued to support and fund the tyranny long by and by this travesty. Only the naive believe that Sundays election in Nicaragua was democratic or legitimizing proof of the Sandinistas popularity.The result was ordained when opposition parties tamely accepted basis that barred them from power. This plebiscite will not end the struggle for pluralism in Nicaragua. But neither can it serve as meetification for recent American policy. The Sandinistas made it easy to dismiss their election as a sham. Nobody Won in Nicaragua, Editorial, New York Times, Nov 7, 1984 pg. A26. No major political tendency in Nicaragua was deni ed access to the electoral process in 1984. The only parties that did not appear on the ballot were absent by their own choice, not because of government exclusion. Opposition parties copd their legal allotments of campaign funds and had regular and positive access to radio and television. The legally registered opposition parties were able to hold the vast majority of their rallies unimpeded by pro-FSLN demonstrators or by other kinds of government interference. (http//www. williamgbecker. com/lasa_1984. pdf)A member of the opposition Popular Social Christian Party, Jose Lazos give tongue to his party recognized the percentage of the F. S. L. N. vote. It was an honourable process, he said. Lazos also confided to the LASA delegation We received the vote we expected.LASA report, ibidem , p. 18. B. B. A team of observers from the Washington Office on Latin America, a church-sponsored lobbying group, said the electoral process had been meaningful and had provided a political opening in Nicaragua. The group, in a statement prepared after the voting ended on Sunday, said the process had been well-conceived and had afforded easy access to vote with guarantees of secrecy. FromSandinista Claims Big preference Victory, by Gordon Mott. New York Times, Nov 6, 1984. However, Virgilio Godoy, the PLI presidential candidate who dropped out the day after a visit from the U.S. ambassador went on to compare favourably Nicaraguas election with presidential elections in El Salvador earlier this year. If the US is going to try to be honest in evaluating these elections, it will be a real problem for the Reagan nerve, Mr. Godoy said. If the US administration said that the Guatemalan and Salvadorian elections were valid ones, how can they condemn elections in Nicaragua, when they have been no worse and in all prob major power a lot better than elections in Salvador and Guatemala. The elections here have been much more peaceful.There were no deaths as in the other two co untries, where the opposition were often in fear for their lives. Nicaragua vote gainn as better run than Salvadors By Dennis Volman, Staff writer of The Christian Science Monitor November 5, 1984, p. 13. Managua, NicaraguaReviewing the history of the negotiations mingled with the FSLN and the opposition parties since 1981, and especially during the current election year, Stephen Kinzer, the Managua-based correspondent of The New York Times, told our delegation The FSLN gave in on to the highest degree all of the opposition parties demands concerning how the electoral process would be run.Their stance seemed to be, if any clause of the election virtue causes serious controversy, well modify it. Most of the oppositions complaints about the process had nothing to do with the mechanics of the elections, but earlier were more general criticisms of the political system. What some of these groups want is a complete change in the political system to abolish the CDSs (Sandinista Defe nce Committees), get the Sandinistas out of the army, prohibit incumbent government officials from running for office, and so forth. In short, they want Nicaragua to become a parliamentary democracy first, before they will participate.But this isnt Switzerland (LASA report, ibid. , p. 12. )Suppose that some power of unimaginable strength were to threaten to reduce the United States to the level of Ethiopia unless we voted for its candidates, demonstrating that the threat was real. Suppose that we refused, and the threat was then carried out, the country brought to its knees, the economy wrecked and millions killed. Suppose, finally, that the threat were repeated, loud and clear, at the time of the next scheduled elections. Under such conditions, only the most extreme hypocrite would speak of a free election.Furthermore, it is likely that close to 100% of the population would succumb. Apart from the last sentence, I have just described U. S. -Nicaraguan relations for the last decad e. Noam Chomsky, The Boston Globe, March 4, 1990El Salvador in 1982 and 1984, and Nicaragua in 1984, provide a most controlled experiment in media integrity or submissiveness. The U. S. government promoted the Salvadoran elections as marvels of democratic advance, under unbecoming conditions, while trying to undermine and discredit the Nicaraguan election as a sham, even though facts did not support claims of superiority of the former election.In the case of El Salvador, the U. S. government agenda show the importance and excellence of the election. They focused on the long lines of smiling voters, the size of the turnout, rebel opposition and say efforts at disruption. Additionally, they downplayed the absence of fundamental conditions of a free election, such as the freedoms of press and assembly the ability of all groups to run candidates and freedom from state terror and coercive threats. The idea that the American press was so quick to praise one and condemn the other is w hat Chomsky refers to as the propaganda model of the mass media.The American government dictates the press into writing about what benefits the American government more so than writing about the truth. Is the Propaganda Model still relevant today? In their propaganda model, Herman and Chomsky present a series of five filters to account for wherefore the dominant U. S. media invariably serve as propagandists for the interests of the elite. Only stories with a strong orientation to elite interests can pass through the five filters unobstructed and receive ample media solicitude.The model explains how the media can conscientiously government agency when even a superficial analysis of the evidence would indicate the preposterous nature of many of the stories that receive ample publicity in the press and on the network news broadcasts. However, what, if any of what Chomsky and Herman presented is still relevant today? The model was dubbed a conclave theory by many critics on both lef t and right although Herman says he and Chomsky had looked for structural factors as the only possible root of systematic behaviour and instruction execution patterns.In defending Manufacturing Consent Political Economy of the Mass Media, Noam Chomskys collaborator Edward Herman says Institutional critiques such as we present in this book are commonly dismissed by establishment commentators as conspiracy theories, but this is merely an evasion. We do not use any kind of conspiracy hypothesis to explain mass-media performance. In fact, our treatment is much closer to a free market analysis, with the results largely an outcome of the workings of market forces. Herman goes on to further explain how the model is not a conspiracy theory and relevant The propaganda model describes a decentralized and non-conspiratorial market system of control and processing, although at times the government or one or more private actors may take initiatives and mobilize co-ordinated elite handling of an issue. The propaganda model has as little in common with a conspiracy theory as saying that the management of General Motors acts to check and increase its profits.As Chomsky notes,to confront power is costly and difficult high standards of evidence and argument are imposed, and critical analysis is naturally not welcomed by those who are in a position to answer vigorously and to determine the array of rewards and punishments. Conformity to a patriotic agenda, in contrast, imposes no such costs. heart thatconformity is the easy way, and the path to privilege and prestige It is a natural expectation, on uncontroversial assumptions, that the major media and other ideological institutions will generally reflect the perspectives and interests of established power. Necessary Illusions, pp. 8-9 and p. 10 So in totally feeling out the conspiracy theory label, Herman writes that the dramatic changes in the economy, the chats industries, and politics over the past twelve years have te nded on balance to enhance the applicability of the propaganda model. The first two filtersownership and advertisementhave become ever more important. The decline of public broadcasting, the increase in corporate power and global reach, and the mergers and centralization of the media, have made bottom-line considerations more influential both in the United States and abroad.The disceptation for advertisers has become more intense and the boundaries between editorial and advertising departments have weakened further. Newsrooms have been more thoroughly incorporated into transnational corporate empires, with budget cuts and even less management enthusiasm for investigative journalism that would challenge the structure of power (Herman and McChesney, 1997). What Herman is saying is that the journalists own voice has been reduced. The Internet and new communication technologies are breaking the corporate stranglehold on journalism somewhat and opening an unprecedented era of interac tive democratic media.Some think that they permit media firms to shrink staff while achieving greater outputs and they limit possible global distribution systems, thus reducing the number of media entities. Herman states there are, by one ultraconservative count, 20,000 more PR agents working to doctor the news today than there are journalists writing it. face for more modern examples to see if The propaganda model still applies Herman uses the medias treatment of the passage of the North American rationalise Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the subsequent Mexican crisis and meltdown of 1994-95.He states that once again there was a sharp split between the preferences of ordinary citizens and the elite and business community, with polls consistently showing pregnant majorities opposed to NAFTA and to the bailout of investors in Mexican securities but the elite in favour. Media news coverage, selection of experts, and sound judgement columns were skewed accordingly their judgment w as that the benefits of NAFTA were obvious, agreed to by all qualified authorities, and that only demagogues and special interests were opposed. parturiency has been under siege in the United States for the past fifteen years according to Herman, but you would merely know this from the mainstream media. Using the example of the long Pittston miners strike to show the propaganda models relevance in a correspondent way to Nicaragua, Timor, Jerzy Popieluszko and so many of Chomsky and Herman other examples the strike was afforded much less attention than the strike of miners in the Soviet Union.The more recent examples to think of would be the American media coverage of the all in all war on terror compared with most of the worlds media. Much of the world opposed the Iraq war and Americas invasions. In conclusion, the propositions put forward by Chomsky and Herman, such as the five filters and their theories of mass media compared with worldwide media seem to be based on very solid ground, with a good foundation of case studies and research. The case study of Nicaragua being a prime example that backs up their studies in Manufacturing Consent.It is quite clear to see how the American media has filtered antithetical stories and overall tried to sway peoples perceptions on the issue. The fact that the similar situation in El Salvador was so comparable proves a great basis to highlight Chomsky and Hermans theories. Also when talking about if the propaganda model is relevant today in which Herman talking on whether it is still relevant claims that The applicability of the propaganda model in these and other cases seems clear. I agree that the propaganda model is most certainly applicable today. To what extent remains to be seen through research, though I disagree that the internet has brought on an even greater level of control to mass media, although it is worth noting that the internet was a lot different back in the 90s when Herman talked about it. Bibliogra phy http//www. chomsky. info/onchomsky/2002-. htm http//ics. leeds. ac. uk/papers/vp01. cfm? outfit=pmt&folder=30&paper=1227The Social and Political Thought of Noam Chomskyby Alison Edgley http//anarchism. pageabode. com/afaq/secD3. html http//www. chomsky. info/onchomsky/20031209. htm http//www. williamgbecker. com/nicaragua_1984_election. php http//www. chomsky. info/onchomsky/198901. htm Washingtons war on Nicaraguaby Holly Sklar http//www. williamgbecker. com/lasa_1984. pdf http//www. fifth-estate-online. co. uk/comment/Mullen_paper_FEO. pdf http//www. llc. manchester. ac. uk/research/projects/etrist/conferences/fileuploadmax10mb,169799,en. pdf